Everything about Iranian Peoples totally explained
The
Iranian peoples are a collection of
ethnic groups, defined along linguistic lines as speaking
Iranian languages. They are spread across the
Iranian plateau, stretching from the
Hindu Kush to central
Anatolia and from
Central Asia to the
Persian Gulf - a region that's sometimes termed
Greater Iran. Speakers of Iranian languages, however, were once found throughout
Eurasia, from the
Balkans to western
China. As Iranian peoples are not confined to the borders of the current state of
Iran, the term
Iranic peoples is sometimes used to avoid confusion with the citizens of
Iran.
The series of ethnic groups which comprise the Iranian peoples are traced to a branch of the ancient
Indo-European Aryans known as the
Iranians or
Proto-Iranians.
Archaeological finds in
Russia, Central Asia and the
Middle East have elucidated some scant information about the way of life of these early peoples. The Iranian peoples have played an important role throughout history: the
Achaemenid Persians established one of the world's first multi-national states and the
Scythian-
Sarmatian nomads dominated the vast expanses of Russia and western
Siberia for centuries with a group of Sarmatian warrior women possibly being the inspiration for the Greek legend of the
Amazons. In addition, the various religions of the Iranian peoples, including
Zoroastrianism and
Manichaeism, are believed by some scholars to be important early philosophical influences on
Judeo-Christianity. Early Iranian tribes are the ancestors of many modern peoples, including
Persians,
Kurds,
Pashtuns and many other groups.
Etymology and usage
The term
Iranian is derived from
Iran (from Aryānām, (
lit: "Land of the
Aryans"). The old
Proto-Indo-Iranian term
Arya, per
Thieme meaning "hospitable", is believed to have been one of the self-referential terms used by the Aryans, at least in the areas populated by Aryans who migrated south from
Central Asia. In the late part of the
Avesta (Vendidad 1) one of their homelands was referred to as
Airyanem Vaejah. Te homeland varied in its geographic range, sometimes referring to
Fars (according to
Eratosthenes), the area around
Herat (
Pliny's view) and even the entire expanse of the
Iranian plateau (
Strabo's designation).. Native people of Iran are White caucasian. Modern science opens the fact that Aryan race true. But science shows people living in Iran are one tribe of Jewish people. Names such as Da'ud (David), Hana and many more Jewish names common even in Persia now. Persians not eat pork, circumcize like Jews.
From a
linguistic standpoint, the term
Iranian peoples is similar in its usage to the term
Germanic peoples, which includes various peoples who speak
Germanic languages such as
German,
English and
Dutch,
Norwegian, or the term
Slavic peoples, which includes various speakers of
Slavic languages including
Russians,
Poles,
Croats or
Serbs. Thus, along similar lines, the Iranian peoples include not only the
Persians and
Tajiks (or eastern Persians) of
Iran,
Afghanistan and
Tajikistan, but also the
Pashtuns,
Kurds,
Ossetians,
Zazas,
Baloch and others. The academic usage of the term
Iranian peoples or
Iranic peoples is distinct from the state of
Iran and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality and thus popularly referred to as
Iranians) in the same way that
Germanic peoples is distinct from
Germans. Many citizens of Iran are not necessarily "Iranian peoples" by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages and may not have discernible ties to ancient Iranian tribes.
History and settlement
Roots
Having descended from the
Proto-Indo-Iranians, the Proto-Iranians separated from the
Indo-Aryans,
Dards (variously considered as Indo-Iranian or within the Indo-Aryan branch), and the
Nuristanis in the early 2nd millennium BCE, in
Central Asia. The area between northern Afghanistan, the
Aral Sea and the Urals is hypothesized to have been the region where the Proto-Iranians first emerged, following the separation of the Indo-Iranians, in the area of the previous, non-Indo-European
Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex, a
Bronze Age culture of Central Asia.
By the early 1st millennium,
Ancient Iranian peoples such as
Medes,
Persians,
Bactrians and
Parthians populated the
Iranian plateau, while others such as the
Scythians,
Cimmerians,
Sarmatians and
Alans populated the steppes north of the
Black Sea. The
Saka and
Scythian tribes spread as far west as the
Balkans and as far east as
Xinjiang.
The division into an "
Eastern" and a "
Western" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in
Avestan vs.
Old Persian, the two oldest known Iranian languages. The Old Avestan texts known as the
Gathas are believed to have been composed by
Zoroaster, the founder of
Zoroastrianism, with the
Yaz culture (ca. 1500–1100 BC) as a candidate for the development of
Eastern Iranian culture.
Old Persian appears to have been established in written form by 519 BCE, following the creation of the
Old Persian script, inspired by the
cuneiform script of the Assyrians.
Western Iranians
During the first centuries of the first millennium BCE, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian plateau and appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and Babylonians, while the Medes also entered in contact with the
Assyrians. Remnants of the
Median language and
Old Persian show their common Proto-Iranian roots, emphasized in Strabo and Herodotus' description of their languages as very similar to the languages spoken by the Bactrians and
Soghdians in the east. Following the establishment of the
Achaemenid Empire, the Persian language spread from
Fars to various regions of the empire, with the modern dialects of Iran, Afghanistan (also known as
Dari) and Central-Asia (known as
Tajiki) descending from Old Persian.
Old Persian is first attested in the
Behistun Inscription (ca. 519 BC), recording a proclamation by
Darius I of Persia. The inscription uses the term
Arya (ariya). The
Achaemenid kings usually wrote their inscriptions in trilingual form (
Elamite,
Babylonian and
Old Persian) while the most used administrative languages were
Aramaic and Elamite, which suggests a
multicultural society.
The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of
Zoroastrianism. Other prominent Iranian peoples, such as the Kurds, are surmised to stem from Iranic populations that mixed with Caucasian peoples such as the
Hurrians, due to some unique qualities found in the Kurdish language that mirror those found in
Caucasian languages. The
Baloch who speak a west Iranian language relate an oral tradition regarding their migration from
Aleppo,
Syria around the year 1000 AD, whereas linguistic evidence links
Balochi to
Kurdish and
Zazaki.
Eastern Iranians
While the Iranian tribes of the south are better known through their texts and modern counterparts, the tribes which remained largely in the vast Eurasian expanse are known through the references made to them by the ancient Greeks, Persians,
Indo-Aryans as well as by archaeological finds. Many ancient
Sanskrit texts make references to tribes like
Sakas,
Paradas,
Kambojas,
Bahlikas,
Uttaramadras,
Madras,
Lohas,
Parama Kambojas,
Rishikas,
Tukharas or
Tusharas etc and locate them in the (
Uttarapatha) (north-west) division, in
Central Asia, around
Hindukush range. The
Greek chronicler,
Herodotus (5th century BC) makes references to a nomadic people, the
Scythians; he describes as having dwelt in what is today southern
Russia.
It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the
Sarmatians, who are mentioned by
Strabo as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern Russian steppe in the 1st millennium AD. These Sarmatians were also known to the
Romans, who conquered the western tribes in the Balkans and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as
Roman Britain.
The Sarmatians of the east became the
Alans, who also ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in
Western Europe and
North Africa, as they accompanied the Germanic
Vandals during their migrations. The modern
Ossetians are believed to be the sole direct descendants of the Alans, as other remnants of the Alans disappeared following Germanic,
Hunnic and ultimately Slavic migrations and invasions.
Some of the Saka-Scythian tribes in Central Asia would later move further south and invade the
Iranian plateau and northwestern
India (see
Indo-Scythians). Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the
Parni in Central Asia, a tribe that pressured and, ultimately, overthrew the rule of the Greeks
Seleucids in Persia. The Parni replaced the Seleucids as the
Parthians, a dynasty that ruled Persia for some 500 years in the late 1st millennium BCE and the early 1st millennium AD and became the main rival of the
Roman Empire in the east. Many Iranian tribes, including the
Khwarezmians,
Massagetae and
Sogdians, were assimilated and/or pushed out of Central Asia by the migrations of
Turkic tribes emanating out of Xinjiang and Siberia.
The most dominant surviving Eastern Iranians are represented by the
Pashtuns, whose origins are generally believed to be in southern Afghanistan, from which they began to spread until they reached as far west as
Herat and as far east as the
Indus in the modern state of
Pakistan. The
Pashto language shows affinities to the
Avestan and
Bactrian; both Bactrian and Pashto languages are of
Middle Iranian origin.
The modern Sariqoli in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetes of the Caucasus are remnants of the various Saka tribes. The modern
Ossetians claim to be the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians and their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble their Caucasian neighbors, the
Kabardians,
Circassians and
Georgians. Various extinct Iranian peoples existed in the eastern Caucasus, including the
Azaris, while some Iranian peoples remain in the region, including the
Talysh and the
Tats (including the
Judeo-Tats, who have relocated to
Israel), found in Azerbaijan and as far north as the Russian republic of
Dagestan. A remnant of the Sogdians is found in the Yaghnobi speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Uzbekistan.
Later developments
In ancient times, the majority of southern Iranian peoples became adherents of Zoroastrianism,
Buddhism (in parts of Afghanistan and Central Asia),
Judaism and
Nestorian Christianity (largely among the Kurds and Persians living in Iraq). The Ossetians would later adopt Christianity as well, with
Russian Orthodoxy becoming dominant following their annexation into the
Russian Empire, while some converted to Islam due to the influence of the
Ottomans.
Starting with the reign of
Omar in 634 CE,
Muslim Arabs began a conquest of the Iranian plateau. The Arabs conquered the
Sassanid Empire of the Persians and seized much of the
Byzantine Empire populated by the Kurds and others. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Azaries, Kurds and Pashtuns, converted to
Islam. The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians (and later the
Hazara) adopted the
Shi'a sect. As ancient tribes and identities changed, so did the Iranian peoples, many of whom assimilated foreign cultures and peoples.
Later, during the 2nd millennium CE, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire.
Saladin, a noted adversary of the
Crusaders, was an ethnic Kurd, while various empires centered in Iran (including the
Safavids) re-established a modern dialect of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and adjacent parts of Central Asia. Iranian influence spread to the Ottoman Empire, where Persian was often spoken at court, as well as in the
Mughal Empire, which began in Afghanistan and shifted to India. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but wouldn't begin to form modern
national identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries (just as Germans and Italians were beginning to formulate national identities of their own).
The following either partially descend from Iranian peoples or are sometimes regarded as possible descendants of ancient Iranian peoples:
- Turkic-speakers:
- Azeris: Although Azeris speak a Turkic language (modern Azerbaijani language), they're believed to be primarily descendants of ancient Iranians and Caucasians. Thus, due to their historical ties with various ancient Iranians, as well as their cultural ties to Persians, the Azeris are often associated with the Iranian peoples (see Origin of Azerbaijani people and the Iranian theory regarding the origin of the Azerbaijanis for more details).
- Uzbeks: The modern Uzbek people are believed to have both Iranian and Turkic ancestry. "Uzbek" and "Tajik" are modern designations given to the culturally homogeneous, sedentary population of Central Asia. The local ancestors of both groups - the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks and the Iranian-speaking Tajiks - were known as "Sarts" ("sedentary merchants") prior to the Russian conquest of Central Asia, while "Uzbek" or "Turk" were the names given to the nomadic and semi-nomadic populations of the area. Still today, modern Uzbeks and Tajiks are known as "Sarts" to their Turkic neighbours, the Kazakhs and the Kyrgyz. The ancient Iranic Soghdians and Bactrians are among their ancestors. Culturally, the Uzbeks are closer to their sedentary Iranian-speaking neighbours rather than to their nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic neighbours. Some Uzbek Scholars for example Ahmadov and Askarov maximize the Iranian roots while minimize the Turkic roots of Uzbeks
- Slavic-speakers:
The names of the South Slavic peoples, the Serbs and Croats, are sometimes derived from certain ancient Iranian peoples, specifically the Sarmatians. The theory stems from speculation, suggesting that the names 'Serb' and 'Croat' derive from the Sarmatian tribes of Serboi and Horouthos. These tribes might have migrated from the Eurasian steppe lands to southern Poland (the postulated homeland of Serbs and Croats), assimilated with the numerically superior Slavs, and might have given their name to them (might have been a ruling core). See also: Theories on the origin of Serbs and Theories on the origin of Croats).
Demographics
Persians,
Pashtuns,
Kurds and
Baloch accounting for about 90% of this number. Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in
Iran,
Afghanistan,
Tajikistan,
Pakistan, parts of
Uzbekistan (especially
Samarkand and
Bukhara), the
Caucasus (
Ossetia and
Azerbaijan) and the
Kurdish areas (referred to as
Kurdistan) of
Turkey,
Iraq, Iran and
Syria. Smaller groups of Iranian peoples can also be found in western
China and a few in western
India.
Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of
Iranian languages in Europe, the
Americas, and
Israel.
The following is a list of Iranian peoples with the respective groups's core areas of settlements and their estimated sizes (in million):
| People |
region |
population |
Persians » *Aimaqs
:*Farsiwans » *Hazaras
*Tajiks » *Tats
|
Iran,Afghanistan,
Tajikistan
|
60 50 to 70 M |
Pashtuns » *Durrani (Abdali)
:*Ghilzai
|
Afghanistan, Pakistan |
42 42 M |
| Kurds |
Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Afghanistan |
32 27 to 37 M |
| Baloch |
Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan |
15 15 M |
| Caspians (Mazanderanis & Gilakis) |
Iran |
07 5 to 10 M |
| Zazas |
Turkey |
03 3 to 4 M |
| Lurs and Bakhtiari |
Iran |
026 3.6 M |
| Laks |
Iran |
010 1 M |
| Pamiri people |
Tajikistan, Afghanistan |
009 0.9 M |
| Talysh |
Azerbaijan |
009 0.9 M |
Ossetians » *Jasz
|
Russia, South Ossetia (Georgia), Hungary |
007 0.7 M |
| Sariqoli |
southern Xinjiang, China |
007 |
| Yaghnobi |
on the Zerafshan River,Uzbekistan |
007 |
| Parsis & Iranis |
India |
001 0.1 M |
Wakhi » *"Tajiks of China"
:*Shughni
|
Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Xinjiang, China |
0005 0.05 M |
Diversity
It is largely through linguistic similarities that the Iranian peoples have been linked, as many non-Iranian peoples have adopted Iranian languages and cultures. However, other common traits have been identified as well and a stream of common historical events have often linked the southern Iranian peoples, including
Hellenistic conquests, the various empires based in
Persia, Arab
Caliphates and
Turkic invasions.
Although most of the Iranian peoples settled in the
Iranian plateau region, many expanded into the periphery, ranging from the
Caucasus and
Anatolia to the
Indus and western
China. The Iranian peoples have often mingled with other populations, with the notable example being the
Hazaras, who display a distinct
Turko-Mongol background that contrasts with most other Iranian peoples. Similarly, the
Baloch have mingled with the
Dravidian-speaking
Brahui (who have been strongly modified by Iranian invaders themselves), while the
Ossetians have invariably mixed with
Georgians and other Caucasian peoples. The
Pashtuns vary with some having mingled with fellow Iranian groups such as the Tajiks and
Turkic peoples and those to the east who have mingled with
Dardic and
Nuristani peoples. Moreover, the Kurds are an eclectic Iranian people who, although displaying some ethnolinguistic ties to other Iranian peoples (in particular their
Iranian language and some cultural traits), are believed to have mixed with
Caucasian and
Semitic peoples. Modern Persians themselves are also a heterogeneous group of peoples descended from various ancient Iranian and indigenous peoples of the Iranian plateau, including the
Elamites. Thus, not unlike the
aforementioned example of Germanic peoples including the
English, who are both of Germanic and
Celtic origin, Iranians are an ethno-linguistic group and the Iranian peoples display varying degrees of common ancestry and cultural traits that denote their respective identities.
Culture
Many of the cultural traits of the ancient Iranians were similar to other
Proto-Indo-European societies. Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics and farmers and poetic hymns and sagas to recount their deeds.
Following the Iranian split from the Indo-Iranians, the Iranians developed an increasingly distinct culture. Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples. For example, the social event
Norouz is an Iranian festival that's practiced by nearly all of the Iranian peoples as well as others in the region. Its origins are traced to
Zoroastrianism and pre-historic times.
Some Iranian peoples exhibit distinct traits that are unique unto themselves. The Pashtuns adhere to a code of honor and culture known as
Pashtunwali, which has a similar counterpart among the
Baloch, called Mayar, that's more hierarchical.
Religion
The early Iranian peoples worshipped various deities found throughout other cultures where
Indo-European invaders established themselves. The earliest major religion of the Iranian peoples was
Zoroastrianism, which spread to nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian plateau.
Modern speakers of Iranian languages mainly follow
Islam. Some follow
Judaism,
Christianity and the
Bahá'í Faith, with an unknown number showing no religious affiliation. Overall the numbers of Sunni and Shia among the Iranian peoples are equally distributed. Most Kurds, Tajiks, Pashtuns, and Baluchis are
Sunni Muslims, while the remainder are mainly
Shi'a, comprising mostly of
Persians in Iran,
Zazas in
Turkey,
Hazaras in Afghanistan, and
Pamiri peoples in
Tajikistan and
China. The Christian community is largely represented by the
Russian Orthodox and
Georgian Orthodox Ossetians followed by
Nestorians.
Judaism is followed mainly by
Persian Jews,
Jews of Afghanistan,
Jews in Pakistan,
Kurdish Jews and
Mountain Jews (of the Caucasus), most of which are now found in
Israel. The historical religion of the Persian Empire was Zoroastrianism and it still has a few thousand followers, mostly in Yazd and Kerman. They are known as the
Parsis in the
Indian subcontinent, or
Zoroastrians in Iran.
Cultural assimilation
In matters relating to culture, the various
Turkic-speaking minorities of Iran (notably the
Azerbaijani people) and Afghanistan (
Uzbeks and
Turkmen) are often conversant in Iranian languages, in addition to their own Turkic languages and also have Iranian culture to the extent that the term
Turko-Iranian can be applied. The usage applies to various circumstances that involve historic interaction, intermarriage, cultural assimilation, bilingualism and cultural overlap or commonalities.
Notable among this synthesis of Turko-Iranian culture are the Azeris, whose culture, religion and significant periods of history are linked to the Persians. Certain theories and genetic tests suggest that the Azeris are descendants of
ancient Iranian peoples who lost their Iranian language (see
Ancient Azari language) following the Turkic invasions of Azerbaijan in the 11th century CE. In fact, throughout much of the expanse of Central Asia and the Middle East, Iranian and Turkic culture has merged in many cases to form various hybrid populations and cultures, as evident from various ruling dynasties such as the
Ghaznavids,
Seljuqs and
Mughals.
Iranian cultural influences have also been significant in
Central Asia, where Turkic invaders are believed to have largely mixed with native Iranian peoples of which only the
Tajik remain, in terms of language usage. The areas of the former Soviet Union adjacent to Iran, Afghanistan and the Kurdish areas (such as
Azerbaijan and
Uzbekistan) have gone through the prism of decades of Russian and
Soviet rule that has reshaped the Turko-Iranian cultures there to some degree.
Genetics
Some genetic testings of Iranian peoples have revealed many common genes for most of the Iranian peoples, but with numerous exceptions and regional variations. Other genetic scholars claim that the high-resolution Y-chromosome genotyping of their study allowed for an in-depth analysis unattained in previous studies of the area. The study reveals important migratory and demographic events that shaped the contemporary genetic landscape of the Iranians.
Genetic studies conducted by
Cavalli-Sforza have revealed that Iranians cluster closely with European groups and more distantly from Near Eastern groups. Preliminary genetic tests suggest common origins for most of the Iranian peoples.
This study is partially supported by another one, based on Y-Chromosome haplogroups.
Basically, the findings of this study reveal many common genetic markers found among the Iranian peoples from the
Tigris to the areas west of the
Indus. This correlates with the
Iranian languages spoken from the Caucasus to Kurdish areas in the
Zagros region and eastwards to western Pakistan and Tajikistan and parts of Uzbekistan in Central Asia. The extensive gene flow is perhaps an indication of the spread of Iranian-speaking peoples, whose languages are now spoken mainly on the Iranian plateau and adjacent regions. These results relate the relationships of Iranian peoples with each other, while other comparative testing reveals some varied origins for Iranian peoples such as the Kurds, who show genetic ties to the Caucasus at considerably higher levels than any other Iranian peoples except the
Ossetians, as well as links to Europe and Semitic populations that live in close proximity such as the
Arab and Jews.
According to a 2001 study, the genetic ancestry of the Kurds and other Iranian-speaking populations in Anatolia does diverge from that of other Iranian groups.
Another recent study of the genetic landscape of Iran was completed by a team of
Cambridge geneticists led by Dr. Maziar Ashrafian Bonab (an Iranian Azarbaijani). Bonab remarked that his group had done extensive
DNA testing on different language groups, including
Indo-European and non Indo-European speakers, in Iran. The study found that the Azerbaijanis of Iran don't have a similar FSt and other genetic markers found in Anatolian and European Turks. However, the genetic Fst and other genetic traits like MRca and mtDNA of Iranian Azeris were identical to
Persians in Iran.
Ultimately, genetic tests reveal that while the Iranian peoples show numerous common genetic markers overall, there are also indications of interaction with other groups, regional variations and cases of genetic drift. In addition, indigenous populations may have survived the waves of early Aryan migrations as cultural assimilation led to large-scale language replacement (as with some Kurds, Hazaras and west Iranian Persians and others). Further testing will ultimately be required and may further elucidate the relationship of the Iranian peoples with each other and various neighboring populations.
Indo-European roots
A large-scale research by
Cavalli-Sforza reveals genetical similarities between all Eurasian speakers of Indo-European languages, including speakers of European, Iranian and Indo-Aryan languages; but this doesn't necessarily prove a common
Indo-European origin for these populations and may be due to common
Non-Indo-European ancestors (see
Paleolithic Continuity Theory) who were later linguistically
Indo-Europeanized (q.v.).
The results of tests focused on
Y-chromosome haplogroups give a more detailed picture of the events which may have taken place in Iranian-speaking lands in the past 7000-5000 years.
Haplogroup M17, also known as
R1a1, has proven to be a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker.
The highest
R1a1 frequencies are detected in the Central Asian populations of
Ishkashemi Tajiks (68%) and
Pamiri Tajiks (64%), both groups being remnants of the original
Eastern Iranian population of the region.
Apart from these two groups, the eastern parts of the
Iranian Highlands generally reveal the highest frequency of
R1a1, up to 35%, similar to Northern India, making it higher than South and West Europe and Scandinavia, while Western Iran (excluding major cities like
Tehran and
Isfahan), appears to have had little genetic influence from the R1a1-carrying Indo-Iranians, about 10%, attributed to language replacement through the "elite-dominance" model in a similar manner which occurred in
Europe and
India. In this regard, it's likely that the
Kavir and
Lut deserts in the center of
Iran have acted as significant barriers to gene flow.
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